[33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. The Steamboat Adventure. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. . However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. onwards. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Historical documents : how to read them. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. sulla primary sources. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Archives; Correspondence [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler.