And Halja is one of the oldest and commonest conceptions of our heathenism. 98/2016 Úrskurður 6. janúar 2017", Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX, Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East to West, MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository), Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, Mythological Norse people, items and places, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hel_(being)&oldid=990995497, Female supernatural figures in Norse mythology, Short description is different from Wikidata, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Bell, Michael (1983). Ragnarok. Ragnarök is a pre-Viking tale from Norse mythology, perhaps dated as early as the 6th century CE. (2002). [4] The feminine noun *halja-rÅ«nō(n) is formed with *haljō- 'hell' attached to *rÅ«no 'mystery, secret' > runes. Hel (also known as Hela), also referred to as the "Two-Faced Terror", is an ancient goddess of the dead within the Norse mythology who presides over the realm of the same name (and/or Niflheim) which serves a basis for the Christian concept of Hell, where she receives a portion of the dead. "Naming committee stops parents from naming daughter after goddess of the underworld". Hel (Old Norse Hel, “Hidden”[1]) is a giantess and/or goddess who rules over the identically-named Hel, the underworld where many of the dead dwell. Simek (2007:44); Pesch (2002:70); Bonnetain (2006:327). In addition, Grimm says that a wagon was once ascribed to Hel, with which Hel made journeys. [42], Hilda Ellis Davidson (1948) states that Hel "as a goddess" in surviving sources seems to belong to a genre of literary personification, that the word hel is generally "used simply to signify death or the grave," and that the word often appears as the equivalent to the English 'death,' which Davidson states "naturally lends itself to personification by poets." [29] In chapter 47, the deceased Eystein's son King Halfdan dies of an illness, and the excerpt provided in the chapter describes his fate thereafter, a portion of which references Hel: In a stanza from Ynglingatal recorded in chapter 72 of the Heimskringla book Saga of Harald Sigurdsson, "given to Hel" is again used as a phrase to referring to death.[31]. [1] Orel, Vladimir. The only surviving myth in which she features prominently is that of The Death of Baldur. [12] In Atlamál, the phrases "Hel has half of us" and "sent off to Hel" are used in reference to death, though it could be a reference to the location and not the being, if not both. Before Ragnarok Norse mythology, terrible things happened. A happy ending of the rebirth of the world was tacked on during the Christianization period. "Queen Hel" is not mentioned elsewhere in the saga. Grimm, Jacob (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) It was no idle vision, for after three days the acute pain of his injury brought his end. Hel is also the sister of the World Serpent Jormungandr and Fenrir, the Doomsday Wolf. While the film did not depict Hel directly, it did suggest the realm to be a dim and dreadful place. This is highlighted in Watkins (2000:38). Davidson continues that: On the other hand, a goddess of death who represents the horrors of slaughter and decay is something well known elsewhere; the figure of Kali in India is an outstanding example. Scholarly theories have been proposed about Hel's potential connections to figures appearing in the 11th-century Old English Gospel of Nicodemus and Old Norse Bartholomeus saga postola, that she may have been considered a goddess with potential Indo-European parallels in Bhavani, Kali, and Mahakali or that Hel may have become a being only as a late personification of the location of the same name. Hermod pleaded with Hel, telling her how every living thing was in sorrow over the loss of Baldur. Ragnarok marks the end of the old world, and the beginning of the new, current world. Translated by Angela Hall. In particular the bracteates IK 14 and IK 124 depict a rider traveling down a slope and coming upon a female being holding a scepter or a staff. Whether Hel … He had three magical weapons: his hammer "Mjölnir" which burned red hot, could shatter locks, and always returned to its master's hand; an iron glove "Járnglófar" to catch the hammer when it returned; and a belt of power "Megingjörð" that doubled his strength when tightened. The goddess Frigg asks who among the Æsir will earn "all her love and favour" by riding to Hel, the location, to try to find Baldr, and offer Hel herself a ransom. [11] In Fáfnismál, the hero Sigurd stands before the mortally wounded body of the dragon Fáfnir, and states that Fáfnir lies in pieces, where "Hel can take" him. Atreus/Loki. Simek states that the allegorical description of Hel's house in Gylfaginning "clearly stands in the Christian tradition," and that "on the whole nothing speaks in favour of there being a belief in Hel in pre-Christian times. This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 18:26. "Frauen und Brakteaten - eine Skizze" in. [1][2] It derives, ultimately, from the Proto-Indo-European verbal root *ḱel- 'to conceal, cover, protect' (compare with Latin cēlō, Old Irish ceilid, Greek kalúptō). (1882). The story is about a battle between the Norse gods that ends the world. A poem from the 9th-century Ynglingatal that forms the basis of Ynglinga saga is then quoted that describes Hel's taking of Dyggvi: In chapter 45, a section from Ynglingatal is given which refers to Hel as "howes'-warder" (meaning "guardian of the graves") and as taking King Halfdan Hvitbeinn from life. It's got everything you want in an apocalypse. [34], It has been suggested that several imitation medallions and bracteates of the Migration Period (ca. un-witi 'foolishness, understanding', OE witt 'right mind, wits', OHG wizzi 'understanding'), with descendant cognates in Old Norse hel-víti 'hell', Old English helle-wíte 'hell-torment, hell', Old Saxon helli-wÄ«ti 'hell', or Middle High German helle-wÄ«zi 'hell'. Loki’s Role in Ragnarok Norse mythology is divided in two major groups of gods – the Aesir and the Vanir. Davidson (1998:178) quoting 'the recipient ...' from Kinsley (1989:116). He is represented as a coward and a wily trickster. 2003. It stems from the Proto-Germanic feminine noun *haljō- 'concealed place, the underworld' (compare with Gothic halja, Old English hel, Old Frisian helle, Old Saxon hellia, Old High German hella), itself a derivative of *helan- 'to cover > conceal, hide' (compare with OE helan, OF hela, OS helan, OHG helan). [24] In chapter 16, "Hel's [...] relative or father" is given as a kenning for Loki. In addition, she is mentioned in poems recorded in Heimskringla and Egils saga that date from the 9th and 10th centuries, respectively. It is to be fought between the gods or Æsir, led by Odin; and the fire giants, … “Battle of the Doomed Gods” by Friedrich Wilhelm Heine (1882) Ragnarok is the cataclysmic destruction of the cosmos and everything in it – even the gods. [2] The Old Irish masculine noun cel 'dissolution, extinction, death' is also related. [36], The Old English Gospel of Nicodemus, preserved in two manuscripts from the 11th century, contains a female figure referred to as Seo hell who engages in flyting with Satan and tells him to leave her dwelling (Old English ut of mynre onwununge). But because of that one refusal, the terms of Hel’s offer weren’t met, and Hel kept Baldur in her cold clutches. [21], Later in the chapter, after the female jötunn Þökk refuses to weep for the dead Baldr, she responds in verse, ending with "let Hel hold what she has. Ragnarök (Ragnarok) was the doom of the gods and men, and heralded the destruction of the Nine Worlds. [17], High says that Odin sent the gods to gather the children and bring them to him. It was called Niflheim, or the World of Darkness, and appears to have been divided into several sections, one of which was Náströnd, the shore of corpses. Upon their arrival, Odin threw Jörmungandr into "that deep sea that lies round all lands," Odin threw Hel into Niflheim, and bestowed upon her authority over nine worlds, in that she must "administer board and lodging to those sent to her, and that is those who die of sickness or old age." The war will be wage between the goods and the evils. When Odin’s son Baldr dies, no one in the Nine Realms – not even Odin himself – can force Hel to return him to the lands of the living. This week, Thor: Ragnarok hits theaters—but its titular apocalypse is more than a casual allusion to the Norse mythology that Marvel’s hero originates from. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. It will be the final battle between the Aesir and Giants. Who Were the Indo-Europeans and Why Do They Matter. Like Snorri's Hel, she is terrifying to in appearance, black or dark in colour, usually naked, adorned with severed heads or arms or the corpses of children, her lips smeared with blood. While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. He is the father of Hel (Goddess of Helheim or The Underworld), the father of Jormungand( The World Serpent who encircles Midgard) and father of Fenrir(the dreaded Wolf). Ragnarok isn’t just the end of Marvel’s Thor as we know him; it’s the end of the world.At least it is in Norse mythology. Sep 30, 2018 - Explore Sean's board "Hel tattoo" on Pinterest. A three-year winter led to a final battle on the Vigrid Plain, where the gods and the frost giants fought the epic final battle. The Vikings believed that one day the world as we know it would come to an end, they called this day for Ragnarok, (old Norse Ragnarökr). p. 156, 168. Davidson concludes that, in these examples, "here we have the fierce destructive side of death, with a strong emphasis on its physical horrors, so perhaps we should not assume that the gruesome figure of Hel is wholly Snorri's literary invention. [3], Other related early Germanic terms and concepts include the compounds *halja-rÅ«nō(n) and *halja-wÄ«tjan. "[40], Grimm theorizes that the Helhest, a three legged-horse that roams the countryside "as a harbinger of plague and pestilence" in Danish folklore, was originally the steed of the goddess Hel, and that on this steed Hel roamed the land "picking up the dead that were her due." References In the story, a devil is hiding within a pagan idol, and bound by Bartholomew's spiritual powers to acknowledge himself and confess, the devil refers to Jesus as the one which "made war on Hel our queen" (Old Norse heriaði a Hel drottning vara). Her name’s meaning of “Hidden” surely has to do with the underworld and the dead being “hidden” or buried beneath the ground. Jormungandr and Fenrir are the most important members of Ragnarok out of the three. Hel is a legendary being in Norse mythology who is said to preside over a realm of the same name, where she receives a portion of the dead. [25] In chapter 50, Hel is referenced ("to join the company of the quite monstrous wolf's sister") in the skaldic poem Ragnarsdrápa.[26]. High continues that, once the gods found that these three children are being brought up in the land of Jötunheimr, and when the gods "traced prophecies that from these siblings great mischief and disaster would arise for them" then the gods expected a lot of trouble from the three children, partially due to the nature of the mother of the children, yet worse so due to the nature of their father. Scudder, Bernard (Trans.) Davidson (1999:II 356); Grimm (2004:314). In the prophecy of Ragnarok, many signs happened prior to Ragnarok. An episode in the Latin work Gesta Danorum, written in the 12th century by Saxo Gramma… "Egils saga" as collected in various (2001). "Mál nr. [6][7] The neutral noun *halja-wÄ«tjan is composed of the same root *haljō- attached to *wÄ«tjan (compare with Goth. It's the end of the world, Norse style. Hermod and the other gods went around and got almost everything in the cosmos to weep for Baldur. Ragnarok! [38], Michael Bell says that while Hel "might at first appear to be identical with the well-known pagan goddess of the Norse underworld" as described in chapter 34 of Gylfaginning, "in the combined light of the Old English and Old Norse versions of Nicodemus she casts quite a different a shadow," and that in Bartholomeus saga postola "she is clearly the queen of the Christian, not pagan, underworld. Loki and Angrboda had three children: the wolf Fenrir; the serpent Jörmungandr; and Hel, their only daughter. Hel is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Hel, Realm of the dead; Niflheim, World of the dead. Hermóðr arrives in Hel's hall, finds his brother Baldr there, and stays the night. "[37], The Old Norse Bartholomeus saga postola, an account of the life of Saint Bartholomew dating from the 13th century, mentions a "Queen Hel." High details that in this realm Hel has "great Mansions" with extremely high walls and immense gates, a hall called Éljúðnir, a dish called "Hunger," a knife called "Famine," the servant Ganglati (Old Norse "lazy walker"[18]), the serving-maid Ganglöt (also "lazy walker"[18]), the entrance threshold "Stumbling-block," the bed "Sick-bed," and the curtains "Gleaming-bale." Hel is a goddess of Norse mythology.Her father is Loki, and her mother is Angrboða, a giantess.Her siblings are Jörmungandr and Fenrir.Her task is to reign over the realm of the dead, also called Hel or Neifelheim, where the dead peacefully go to in the afterlife to wait until Ragnarok, the end of the gods and Asgard. Ragnarök is an important event in Norse mythology and has been the subject of scholarly discourse an… In the underworld she is supposed to sit in judgment on souls. Yet for all this she is "the recipient of ardent devotion from countless devotees who approach her as their mother" [...]. In chapter 17, the king Dyggvi dies of sickness. Two of the figures are understood to be Baldr and Odin while both Loki and Hel have been proposed as candidates for the third figure. Hel in Norse mythology refers to a legendary being that presides over a realm bearing the same name. To the Germans, Ragnarök was called Götterdämmerung (Gotterdammerung). The earliest surviving copy dates to the 11th century. Ragnarok, in Norse mythology, was the predestined death of the Germanic gods. Death is periphrased as "joy of the troll-woman"[15] (or "ogress"[16]) and ostensibly it is Hel being referred to as the troll-woman or the ogre (flagð), although it may otherwise be some unspecified dís. Davidson adds that "yet this is not the impression given in the account of Hermod's ride to Hel later in Gylfaginning (49)" and points out that here Hel "[speaks] with authority as ruler of the underworld" and that from her realm "gifts are sent back to Frigg and Fulla by Balder's wife Nanna as from a friendly kingdom." Ellis, Hilda Roderick. Of this we have a particularly strong guarantee in her affinity to the Indian Bhavani, who travels about and bathes like Nerthus and Holda, but is likewise called Kali or Mahakali, the great black goddess. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. The Prose Edda details that Hel rules over vast mansions with many servants in her underworld realm and plays a key role in the attempted resurrection of the god Baldr. 1993. The Giants came before them and lived in in Jötunheimr, one of the nine worlds of Norse cosmology. Regarding Seo Hell in the Old English Gospel of Nicodemus, Michael Bell states that "her vivid personification in a dramatically excellent scene suggests that her gender is more than grammatical, and invites comparison with the Old Norse underworld goddess Hel and the Frau Holle of German folklore, to say nothing of underworld goddesses in other cultures" yet adds that "the possibility that these genders are merely grammatical is strengthened by the fact that an Old Norse version of Nicodemus, possibly translated under English influence, personifies Hell in the neutral (Old Norse þat helvíti). Lehmann, Winfred, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986). In Norse mythology, Ragnarök is a series of events, including a great battle, foretold to lead to the death of a number of great figures (including the gods Odin, Thor, Týr, Freyr, Heimdallr, and Loki), natural disasters and the submersion of the world in water. If it is Hel she is presumably greeting the dying Baldr as he comes to her realm. Because of how sparsely-defined her character is, many scholars view Hel as more of a late literary personification of the grave than a goddess who was actually worshiped or appeased in her own right. In the Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, and Heimskringla, Hel is referred to as a daughter of Loki. [8], Hel is also etymologically related–although distantly that time–to the Old Norse word Valhöll 'Valhalla', literally 'hall of the slain', and to the English word hall, both likewise deriving from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- via the Proto-Germanic root *hallō- 'covered place, hall'. It simply unfolds as it was meant to, with all who take part in it knowing how it will end. The saga attributes the poem to 10th century skald Egill Skallagrímsson, and writes that it was composed by Egill after the death of his son Gunnar. The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. Cate Blanchett’s badass bitch is more commonly called simply Hel (which means “Hidden”) in Norse mythology. High describes Hel as "half black and half flesh-coloured," adding that this makes her easily recognizable, and furthermore that Hel is "rather downcast and fierce-looking."[19]. Norse myths were recorded by monks in the Christian era (around 1220) after 200 years of paganism being rejected in Iceland in the year 1000. "[46] He also draws a parallel between the personified Hel's banishment to the underworld and the binding of Fenrir as part of a recurring theme of the bound monster, where an enemy of the gods is bound but destined to break free at Ragnarok. [9], The Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, features various poems that mention Hel. Ragnarök, (Old Norse: “Doom of the Gods”), in Scandinavian mythology, the end of the world of gods and men. Staff A (2017). She’s mostly mentioned only in passing. If Hel and Niflheim comprised one world, as is suggested in some sources, the ninth may have been Muspelheim (Muspell), the land of the fire giants. In Thor: Ragnarok Hela is depicted as the first-born of Odin and the older, … All rights reserved. It befell the whole universe which brought the whole cosmos into darkness when Hati and Skoll swallowed the Sun and the Moon. Garm in Norse mythology refers to a dog or wolf associated with both Hel and Ragnarok. "[22] In chapter 51, High describes the events of Ragnarök, and details that when Loki arrives at the field Vígríðr "all of Hel's people" will arrive with him. [28] In chapter 46, King Eystein Halfdansson dies by being knocked overboard by a sail yard. She is quite usually described as a horrible hag, half dead and half alive, with a gloomy and grim expression. This in relation to the Viking Age, meant if you didn’t die in battle you would simply just go to Hel. In the Heimskringla book Ynglinga saga, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, Hel is referred to, though never by name. In the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá, Hel's realm is referred to as the "Halls of Hel. In the first place we must understand that Ragnarok may not be a totally pagan myth, for there is clear evidence of Christian influence on the sources (example: Völuspá and Gylfaginning). She haunts the battlefield or cremation ground and squats on corpses. The downward slope may indicate that the rider is traveling towards the realm of the dead and the woman with the scepter may be a female ruler of that realm, corresponding to Hel. Hel. In Norse mythology, Hel’s father was the trickster god Lokiand her mother the giantess Angrboda. Nothing will escape the coming destruction, whether you live in heaven and on earth. In the same source, her appearance is described as half blue and half flesh-coloured and further as having a gloomy, downcast appearance. “Each arrow overshot his head” (1902) by Elmer Boyd Smith Pesch, Alexandra. The Old Norse divine name Hel is identical to the name of the location over which she rules. Only one giantess, who was probably Loki in disguise, refused. 1968. In chapter 34 of the book Gylfaginning, Hel is listed by High as one of the three children of Loki and Angrboða; the wolf Fenrir, the serpent Jörmungandr, and Hel. [20] Hel says the love people have for Baldr that Hermóðr has claimed must be tested, stating: If all things in the world, alive or dead, weep for him, then he will be allowed to return to the Æsir. first centuries AD) feature depictions of Hel. Scardigli, Piergiuseppe, Die Goten: Sprache und Kultur (1973) pp. The son of Odin and Jord (Earth). "[14], Hel may also be alluded to in Hamðismál. I’ve also written a popular list of The 10 Best Norse Mythology Books, which you’ll probably find helpful in your pursuit. Regarding Seo Hell in the Old English Gospel of Nicodemus, Michael Bell states that "her vivid personification in a dramatically excellent scene suggests that her gender is more than grammatical, and invites comparison with the Old Norse underworld goddess Hel … © Daniel McCoy 2012-2019. "[45], John Lindow states that most details about Hel, as a figure, are not found outside of Snorri's writing in Gylfaginning, and says that when older skaldic poetry "says that people are 'in' rather than 'with' Hel, we are clearly dealing with a place rather than a person, and this is assumed to be the older conception," that the noun and place Hel likely originally simply meant "grave," and that "the personification came later. Hel is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. It has descendant cognates in the Old English helle-rúne 'possessed woman, sorceress, diviner',[5] the Old High German helli-rÅ«na 'magic', and perhaps in the Latinized Gothic form haliurunnae,[4] although its second element may derive instead from rinnan 'to run, go', leading to Gothic *haljurunna as the 'one who travels to the netherworld'. Every single person who dies from an illness, age, or is considered a coward or dishonorable by the Gods and Goddesses will end up in her realm called Helheim. Snorri describes her appearance as being half-black, half-white, and with a perpetually grim and fierce expression on her face.[3]. Davidson explains that "whether this personification has originally been based on a belief in a goddess of death called Hel is another question," but that she does not believe that the surviving sources give any reason to believe so. In Norse mythology, Hel is the queen of the realm of the dead. The Old English Gospel of Nicodemus, preserved in two manuscripts from the 11th century, contains a female figure referred to as Seo hell who engages in flyting with Satanand tells him to leave her dwelling (Old English ut of mynre onwununge). [13] In stanza 4 of Baldrs draumar, Odin rides towards the "high hall of Hel. The final stanza of the poem contains a mention of Hel, though not by name: In the account of Baldr's death in Saxo Grammaticus' early 13th century work Gesta Danorum, the dying Baldr has a dream visitation from Proserpina (here translated as "the goddess of death"): The following night the goddess of death appeared to him in a dream standing at his side, and declared that in three days time she would clasp him in her arms. `` Frauen und Brakteaten - eine Skizze '' in board `` Hel 's [ ]! The dying Baldr as he comes to her realm no justice towards and!, 2018 - Explore Sean 's board `` Hel our Queen: an Old Female! And Heimskringla, Hel 's hall, finds his brother Baldr there, and heralded destruction! Until Odin, r… Ragnarok heralded the destruction of the Giants, until Odin, Ragnarok! `` Halls of Hel very end half dead and half alive, all. The dead ; Niflheim, world of the realm of the Old Norse divine name Hel referred... 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The night days the acute pain of his injury brought his end 33 ], it ’ badass! A dog or wolf associated with both Hel and Ragnarok who rules an entire realm daughter of.... Stays the night cosmos into darkness when Hati and Skoll swallowed the Sun and the black hue [... relative! From Norse mythology is considered as a kenning for Loki 356 ) Bonnetain! Götterdämmerung ( Gotterdammerung ) location over which she features prominently is that of the location over which rules. King Eystein Halfdansson dies by being knocked overboard by a sail yard ( 2006:327.... Conclusive evidence either way, this must remain an open question a section Ynglingatal. Aesir and Giants hall of Hel 2004:314 ) Halja is one of the gods to the... The Christianization Period a goddess equivalent to the Norse gods over which rules. Age, meant if you didn ’ t give up her prize so easily final between... Many signs happened prior to Ragnarok sorrow over the loss of Baldur Dyggvi dies sickness... But she still wields real power `` [ 48 ] However, Simek also Hel... Name and the Moon or cremation ground and squats on corpses is referred to ``! Learn it, the king Dyggvi dies of sickness edited on 27 November 2020, at 18:26 the realm the...: a Study of the dead in Hel wily trickster: an Old Norse literature '' collected. God Baldr ( 1986 ) [ 33 ], it is Hel is!
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